Projectometer



Oct. 19, 1943.

PROJ EGTOMETER Filed Nov. 28, 1942 3 Sheets-Sheet l SSII INVENTOR 04N vez 46x/14N, J/P.,

Oct. 19, 1943.

D. MCLACHLAN, JR

PRoJEcToMETER Fil'ea Nov. 28, 1942 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 4 7 rop/vtr.

Oct. 19, 1943.' D. McLAcHLAN, JR v2,332,391

'PRoJEcToME TER Filed Nov. 28, 1942 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 "J'FINVENTOR z 0697/176 ACWIMl/f,

Patented Oct. 19, 1943 ,UNITED rar-LE NT foF'FIcE Y a 2,332,391 f v Y v1PRo.iheron/[ETEa "Dan McLachlan. Jr., Old GreenviicmConn., as-

Lsignor to American Cyanamid Company, New

Yorlr-,i'N-f-Y., av corporation of Maine Application November 28,1942, Serial No.'467;174

* (Cl. 33e-98) This invention relates to a .calculating device for Vusein-solving problems encountered'in X- ray technique. More particularly;it-embraces-an improved gnomonic projector: forythe graphic -solution -of problems `incident upon: the further clarification andy interpretationdof Laue X-"ray diraction-patterns. v J

A number of photographic methods arefnow usedA for attacking ay problem; ini crystal analysis. Thus, for vexamplethe analyst may resorttothe following-methods amongotherm (l) the Laue methoden/'herein a sample; of material about l-S of an inch thick is-.placedi-in thepath of a beam of vWhite or unfiltered-lX-rays; v(12) the Bragg methodwherein the interplanar spacngs togetherwith thelselective intensities of'different orders ofthe diliracted beams are used; (3) thev powder; o r l I-Iull-Debye-Scherrer,l method wherein a beam -of fmonochromatic X-rays is passed through crystalsrwhich have been crushed tosuch a fine powderl that the fragments; have `a random orientation; v(4) the rotating crystal method whereina single crystal is rotated or loscillatecl inr a beam Qf'monochro-rnatic X-rays in order to Iobtain:the photographic diiiraction .data-necessary for allsatisfactory-crystal;analysis; amng others.

-Iiloweverfeven .after .the diffraction i dataare obtained vinac cordance with thefabove methods a. I great-amount of l calculating A Ais usually necessary inforder to-interpretthevresults andobtain a more lorl lesscomplete ana1y`sis5ofthe structure of a crystal. Thus,` in they case ofthel Laue method the dilractionpattern 'which is'obtained con-Y sists of aphotographc negative wherein there are a numberof spots, theY lociiof which-area series of ellipses gall passing through the lcentral image made by the pri-mary orundeViated-X-:ray beam. v C

. The f interpretation of' such a i-L'aue dilraction pattern involves the f identification or l thely planefamily associated with the :spots-on the X`ray photograph. This is an exceedinglylaborious problem, particularly when resort is had to purely analytical' methods. "The labor, however, is lessened considerably Aby utilizing `graphical methods of interpretation'wherein'e'ach of the plane-'families in the VAcrystal'is represented by a single point in a second plane callada plane of projection. This resultskv in' the reduction of the Yproblem'of orientingl-such plane-families from aproblem embracing planes in athreedimensional crystal to /agraphical method of analysis-foffpoints on'Va-two-dimensional or plane graph. The `'latter two-dimensional or :plane graph is called the plane of projection.

fIn the past, the interpretation of, :for example, Laue photographshas been `usually effected graphically by 4means of gnomonic or stereographic projections f of the photographic lX-ray l spots obtained in the usual manner'welllknown tothose lversedin=tl1e"'art. vIn algnomonic prop jection,'the crystalfis'considered asbeing atthe center of \a. v-sphere 'of :projection as 'explained more` fullyl below l and in= the accompanying drawings(seeespecially/Fig. 1). A'Ihegplane of projectionfis tangentto the sphereat the point of intersection off the zero beam'spotwithl-the sphere after lthe zero Vbeainhas passed through 4the crystal-` Hencezthe undev-ated X-rays strikethe planeof projection ipe rpen dioularly. -An -AX-ray beam or beams from.ajarnily` of planesatthe center of thesphere'produces-a Laue spot. IIt is well known in X-ray technology thataif ltheangle between ythe Zero 'lor undeviated beam `and the particular `family of yplanes iproducing a Laue spot-iste, then thejangle.l between fthe `deviated and undeviated beams is 20. Hence by bisecting the angle between theundeviated"and diffracted i beams, one kobtains. `theg'angle v9 .which :dennes the position of the particular family of planes associated vwith a lgiven Lauespot. If a linfejis drawn perpendicular to thedii'racting plane .at the point where itpasses through the centenof the sphere,l one obtalnsapole -ofvth-s plane. {By extending l the l pole until it intersects` the imaginary plane. vof projection,I one-obtainsfa'gnornonicl projection of the pole.l Ihi's processwhenapp-lied to each ofthe Laue spots yiehswhat` is commonly known asa gnomonic project-ion of the 'Laue photograph. i

In the past a numberoflabor-saving Vdevices have beensuggested in. order toiefect suchva gnomonicprojection withA as little-effort aspossible. VInparticular,fthe AVlycoll ruler :was ladevice heretofore usedto perform the mechanical operations necessary for such a pmiectiom Inuse, the `Wycoffruler is'laid with its-Zero-indication on .the zero'beam spotfof la Laue picture (see, for example,:Figf-Zbelow). The-distance from the zero-spot to a givenLauefspotf-is thenmeasf ured on oneendof. the ruler -andrthefprojection ismade byselecting -acorresponding numeralon the-other orprojecting end of the rlen However, the Wycoiruler is extremely difficult to readV since-the. spacingsof the units and decimals onlits facefareextremely irregular and skillin its use is .dependent principally upontheab'il-ity of the operator to measure proportionalparts or It is an object of this invention to provide Aa simple, compact mechanical device by means of which such gnomonic projections can be made more quickly and accurately than heretofore. V

A further object of this invention is to provide a mechanical device on which all settings and readings are made directly, without necessitating the making of subsequent calculations such Vas additions, subtractions, interpolations, and the like. Another object is to provide a mechanical gnomonic projector in which it is unnecessary to read off figures, a procedure which is frequently accompanied by errors due to parallax,

misjudgment of proportional or fractional parts, and the like.

It is a further object of this invention to provide means whereby calculations are reduced to mere mechanical steps so that anyone, whether familiar with `mathematics or not, can prepare gnomonic projections of Laue diffraction patterns in order to determine; (l) the symmetry 'of an organic or inorganic crystal; (2) the relative directions in which the various planes of the :I

atoms lie; (3) the distances between the planes themselves; among other details necessaryA for a complete crystal analysis.

Stillother and further objects and advantages of the mechanical gnornonic projector of this invention will become apparent upon reading the annexed detailed description, particularly when considered in connection with the drawings, in which;

Fig. 1 is a` diagram illustrating the geometric principle upon which a gnomonic projection is based;

Fig. 2 shows the method of using a Wycofi ruler for obtaining av gnomcnic projection of an actual Laue diffraction pattern;

Fig. 3 is a view of the mechanical gnomonic projector according to the invention showing its use for obtaining aggnomonic projection of a Laue diffraction pattern; and

- Fig. 4 is an enlarged view of the apparatus of Fig. 3 showingA its construction in considerable detail.

Referring now in more detail to the figures, a gnomonic projection is obtained as follows: The primary beam of X-rays I0,- Fig. 1, passes through the crystal located at I I in the center of a sphere (here represented by circle I2) and after being diffracted by diffracting plane of atoms I3 as beam I9, strikes the photographic plate I4 in Laue spotl I5. e The perpendicular I6 to plane I3 at II strikes the plane of projection I1 at I8. I8 is the gnomonic projection of plane I3 of the crystal or what is equivalent, the gnomonic projection of spot I of the Laue pattern. By repeating these steps for each Laue spot a complete gnomonic projection of all points on the Laue pattern is obtained. From the resultant twodimensional graph such details as the size of the unit cell, distance between atoms and the like may be obtained.

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Vbe immediately measured off on the left side of the ruler and marked on the plane of projection '25. These steps can be repeated for each Laue spot and in this manner a gnomonic projection of the Laue ,diffraction pattern obtained. As explained above, a number of sources of error can crop in with the use of the Wycoi ruler. Because of this, the more accurate and more easily operated mechanical projector of this invention was devised.

The calculator shown in Figs. 3 and 4 is based upon the principle that the diagonal of a parallelogram having sides of the same-length always bisects theY opposite angles connected by the diagonal-inall positions of distortion of the parallelogram. The principle is clearly shown in Fig. 1 by the broken line drawing of a parallelogram.

Thus, in Fig. l, the diagonal II3 indicated in brokenV lines symbolizes the diiraction plane or planes I3 of crystal I I which planes produce Laue spot I5. The side as indicated in broken lines symbolizes one side of a parallelogram in particular the side forming the continuation of diffracted beam IS. The remaining sides of the parallelogram are-|46, I4'I and |48. Arms I4l and |45 are pivoted at and II, respectively, while the remaining arms are connected by moving pivots such as I5I,.I52. With this arrangement it is obvious from the vertical angles about point II that the diilracting plane lies at an angular dispiacement equal to 1/2 the diffracting angle 15, ll, 0 each making an angle 6 and 20, respectively, with the zero beam. Hence by providing an arm which'is pivoted at II'(such as arm 4I, Fig. 4)

and which is simultaneously capable of movement in an arc with pivot pin I5I, the perpendicular pole of any plane of crystals is immediately determined by an edge of arm 4I such as extending perpendicularly to diagonal II3 (i. e. from IIito 5I, Fig. 4) at the point II.

Since the angle swept out by the diagonal II3 is always 1/2 that of the angle swept out by the movement of side I45 it is obviousthat by utilizing a -position for'the original setting of the diagonal which is in line with the zero beam and shifting pivot point I5) out 'of line with the zero beam as in Fig. 4, point 50, a position can be found which causes projecting arm 4I to operate in a more desirablev range of distortion of the parallelogram formed by the arms 45, 46, and 41 (the arm corresponding to |48 of Fig. l being replaced by the base plate- 40 since the pivot points 50 and 5I are b oth xed in the base plate).

Then, in order to set the mechanism in condition 'for operation, the projector is placed on a Laue picture with the pinhole over the zero beam spot, While the diagonal represented by a linel from 5I Vto "I I isA aligned with the incident beam. This places point II in the imaginary position of the crystal. Usually the distance II to' 0 is 5 cm." YIl theloaue picture has been taken withthe crystal at distances other than 5 cm., i. e.,4 cm.,'pivot pins II andll are moved in slots'l and 1E, respectively', a corresponding tions of various other Laue spots.

amount, thereby 'maintaining the parallelogram structureintact.. The extension of arm 45,;namelygarm'ia-isiliE the formgof a bell crankpivoted v at' -so thatedge 1|I comes directly roverr'the'zero beam spot when vthe. diagonal is aligned withv the zero beam.

It has already been oundfrom Figfl that the angle between .theiincident beam and the dify has `also been found that diagonal line V5| to (i. e. ||3 of Fig. l) sweeps out an angle 1/2v that of the angle simultaneously swept outv 'by thev movement of side 45. Then since arm 'lil is a continuation of arm 45, arm l likewise sweeps out an angle of 20 while the diagonal sweeps out an angle of 0. Hence edge 1| of arm 'Hi will, if placed on a Laue spot together with edge 42 of base plate result in the positioning of diagonal i-i in line with the diffraction planes producing that `particular Laue spot.

By providing arm 4| pivoted at with a slot aligned with il such as slot Sii in which pivot pin 5i is free to slide, slot 80 is constantly main` tained in the direction of the diiracting plane when arm l0 is in the direction of the diffracted beam. By making edge 6|) perpendicular to the diagonal 5l|| at point edge 60 serves as a perpendicular or pole to the diiracting plane. Hence the intersection of edge G of arm 4| and `the lower edge 42 of base plate 4t is then a gnomonic projection 2li), 2|| of Laue spots ll, i i i, respectively, Fig. 4.

In a similar manner, as shown in Fig. 3, the

projector may be used'to obtain gnomonic projec- To accomplish this the projector is placed on a Laue picture as shown in Fig. 3, with the pinhole U over the `zero beam spot of the photograph 9U land the lower edge 4?. of backing plate 40 and edge 1| of arm 'lil intersecting at a Laue spot By doingthis for each of the Laue spotsl, A2, 3,4, 5, E, etc., the gnomonic projections 202, 203, Ztl-4, 205, etc., respectively, are obtained.

The broken line drawing 'in Fig. Ll-illustrates the relationship of the initial and nal projecting parts of the mechanism in making a gnomonic projection 29S of Laue spot 9.

n is to be understood that although this in-i vention has been described in detail in its present preferred embodiment, it will be obvious to those v skilled in the art, particularly yafter reading and understanding this description, vthat yvarious changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, for example, the apparatus will function equally efficiently if arms 46 and 41- are made equal to, longer or shorter than arm t5,`

provided arms it and 4l are each of the same length. Likewise, other modifications are possible and are to be construed as within the purview of this disclosure. It is intended that the appended claims be construed as covering all such modications and variations.

y -jection arm onthebasemember, an intersectingy f IIcla'im: c l

-1 Ina gnomcnic` projector for reproducing the infraction-'spots and the zero beam spot vof an X-raydiiraction photograph of a crystal,r a' base member 'having :a straight edge with aA point thereon for positioning the. member'over the zero spot;- a projection arm having a straight side, a pivot on'theg-'side for rotatably mounting the'r proarm also mounted on the pivot for locating a spot along the straight edge, a plurality of interconnected parts constituting a pantograph on the intersecting arm, said Aparts actuating the projection arm in Vresponse to rotation of the intersecting arm to impart to the projection armv like angularmovement of predetermined magnitude and sense.

2. In a gnomonic projector for reproducing the diraction spots and the Zero beam spot of an In order to enable arm 4| to be adjusted with- X-ray diifraction photograph of a crystal, a base member having a straight edge with a point thereon for positioning the member over the zero spot, a projection arm having a straight side, a pivot on the side for rotatably mounting the projection arm on the base member, a groove in the arm cut radially with respect to the pivot as a centerand disposed perpendicularly to the straight side of the projection arm, a link having one end pivoted in the base member and the other tted to slide in the groove, an intersecting arm also mounted on the pivot for locating a spot along thestra-ight edge, a plurality of interconnected parts constituting a pantograph on the intersecting arm and the projection arm whereby, in response to rotation and positioning of the intersecting arm on a preselected spot the intersecting arm imparts like angular movement of one-half magnitude and sense to the projection armwhich is positioned to eilect a gnomonic projection of the spot at the intersection of thel straight edge and the straight side.

3. In a projector according to claim 2, an ady justable extension for the projection arm whereby the magnificationof the projection can be f'- increased or decreased without changing the relationship of the parts constituting the pantograph.

4. yIn a projector accordingto` claim 2, wherein a plurality of locations are provided in which the pivot on the side of the projection arm and the pivoted lend of thel link are adjustably positionable to heights above the straight edge corresponding to the original height of the crystal above the photograph.

5. In a projector according to claim 2, grooves in base cut perpendicularly to the straight edge wherein the pivot `on the side of the projection arm and the pivoted end of the link are adjustably positionable to heights above the straight edge., corresponding to the original height of the crystal above the photograph.

6. In a gnomonic projector for reproducing the diffraction spots and the Zero beam spotof a Laue X-ray diffraction photograph of a crystal,

.- a base member having a straight edge with` a point thereon for positioning the membervover the zero spot, a projection arm having a straight side, a pivot on the side for rotatably mounting the projection arm on the base memberai-l a distance perpendicular to the edge. and above the zero spot corresponding to the distance of the crystal from the pattern when the photograph was originally prepared, a groove in the karm cut radially with respect to the pivot as a center and disposed perpendicularly to the straight side of the projection arm, a link having' onel end pivoted in the base member and the other fitted to slide in the groove, a bell crankhavingltwo ends and. rotatably mounted on the pivot supporting the projection arm one end4 being-selectively operable to various positions along the base line in order to intersect the latterdn reference points comprising Laue spots at diierent distances from the zero beam spot, and a second link joining the other end of the bell crankand thelrstmentioned link whereby amovement of thefselectively operable end of the bell crank is accompanied'by a. movement of the projection arm to effect a. gnomonio projection of a. preselected Laue spot at the point of intersection of the straight edge and the straight side.

n DANMCLACHLAN, Jn. 

